Writing Literature

Writing Literature Essays
Submitted by dmbh

During the two year IGCSE course you will be expected to write about the texts you study in a variety of ways. You may be asked to write a diary or monologue in role as on of the characters, rewrite the story for a different audience, write a newspaper article about the story etc. But the most common way of responding to literature is through an essay which are are asked to 'discuss...','compare...','give a personal response...' Etc. Essays like this are called literary criticism, and you need to be able to analyse the text and describe your response. There are certain basic techniques for writing in this way.

Techniques of Literary Criticism
1. Answer the question
2. Write in an appropriate style
3. Support your answer with evidence

1. Answer the questionImagine you were asked one of these typical IGCSE questions:
• Comment on the role of X in helping the audience understand the play.
• Compare and contrast the characters X and Y.

In order to answer the question successfully you need to be absolutely clear about what you are being asked to do. The question will definitely not ask you to retell the storyline. This is the biggest mistake students make - retelling the storyline rather than answering the question.

Start by underlining or writing out key words from the questions, and then make notes. In your notes you should be writing down the key points you will make in your essay. Choose your own preferred style of making notes but some useful suggestions are spider-diagrams or lists.

2. Write in an appropriate style
• Literary criticism requires a fairly formal style. That means that you should:
• Use standard English
• Avoid contractions (e.g. isn't, aren't)
• Use precise vocabulary and avoid using slang ie use 'the children' rather than 'the kids'
• Write in substantial paragraphs, usually two, three or four to a side of A4.
• Use an introduction if you need to define the title, or explain your approach to the questions. Otherwise, dive straight into your first point.
• Try to use an impersonal style e.g. 'one fo the main themes in the play 'All My Sons' is the extent to which an individual is responsible to other members of society.'
• Use cohesive devises to add variety and clarity to your writing: however, although, therefore, then, at first, later...and so on.
• Show that you are answering the question by echoing its phrasing at the start of a new paragraph.
• Avoid sounding like you are having a chat with your best friend.

3. Support your opinions with evidenceOne of the most important techniques when writing literature essays is to use quotations to support your ideas. There are two ways of using quotations:
1. Place long quotations (more than one sentence) in a separate paragraph e.g. Like all tragic heroes Keller makes a mistake which results in his downfall and eventual death. He is guilty of placing his family above the wider family of society and expects everyone else to do the same.'There's nothing he could do that I wouldn't forgive. Because he's my son...I'm his father and he's my son, and if there is something bigger than that I'll put a bullet in my head.' (-Arthur Miller, All My Sons)

2. Embed short quotations into your own sentences. E.g. Joe Keller is a man in his sixties who believes that 'there is nothing bigger than family.'(-Arthur Miller, All My Sons)Finally there is no substitute for detailed knowledge and understanding of the text. Students who demonstrate they are extremely familiar with the characters, action and background of a text generally score high grades in their exams and on their class assignments. Take time to reread each book, play or poem studied.

Tips for Writing Articles

Tips for Writing Articles in an Effective Manner Revealed
Submitted by limalan8.8

If you want to get the most out of your article marketing efforts, then your article must be effective. It is the efficacy of the article that makes for increased sales generation. Writing articles will help you in the building of a powerful online presence. Given below are a few tips that might just help you in the writing of an effective article.

Write a Good Article

Everybody wants to write a good article. After all, nobody would like to write a bad article. However, the word good means different things for different writers. For some it would be writing articles that are informative, for others it would mean an article that has a lot of flowery language, while for many other writers it would mean using keywords in each and every sentence. One must realize that a good article means an article that is able to convey the information to the target audience in a way such that they are able to understand the topic and thus base their decision based on the content of that article.

The Conversational Mode

It’s best to talk like a friend while writing articles. Don’t write like a teacher giving instructions to students, unless specifically asked to do so. A conversational style of writing also enables a writer to connect with the conversation that might be going through a readers mind. This also allows a writer to build trust through his or her article as they connect with the reader in one form or the other. As a writer, your job is to not only write good article but also form a bond with the reader. You must get in touch with their thoughts and ideas.

Lay your Foundation in Simplicity

While you are writing articles, you must make sure that people understand your articles. This can only be accomplished if you write in a simple language. Article marketing concentrates on all kinds of people, which mean that there will be people, who do not have a firm hold of the nuances of the English language, who will read your articles. You need to configure your articles in a way such that even the average readers understand your written word.

The Keyword Quotient

A large part of writing articles is dictated by the integration of keywords into the content. Only articles having keywords are effective, when it comes to article marketing. This is because keywords make it easier for search engine spiders to recognize the efficacy of a particular article and thus rank them at the top of the pile. The efficacy of article marketing is dependent on the use of keywords and keyword phrases in the article. This has to be accomplished in a natural manner and it must not look like the keywords have been put in the article, just for the heck of it, without any thought whatsoever.

These tips would definitely help you write effective articles. There are many more, but keeping these in mind will also help you immeasurably.

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Elements of Writing Novel

Elements of Writing Novel

“Theme, theme, and theme. That’s the very first thing pop up in my mind when I’m ready to create new story.”
— Nicholas Sparks, author of A Walk to Remember and The Notebook

“Having only imagination is not enough. You have to go through the core of the story and feel every single breath of it.”
— Stephen King

“If you're going to have a complicated story you must work to a map. Otherwise you can never make a map of it afterwards.”
— J.R.R. Tolkien, author of The Lord of The Rings and The Hobbit

“Every good book begins with good characters.”
— Jasmine Creswell

“Don’t blab your story out to everyone. Only show it to those who will give constructive criticism.”
— Sitta Karina, author of Lukisan Hujan

Ada 7 elemen utama yang penting banget dalam menulis sebuah cerita—terutama novel.

1. TemaWhat is my story about?What is the purpose of my story?

2 hal di atas adalah pertanyaan wajib yg harus kamu jawab sebelum mulai membuat cerita, barulah setelah itu akan terbentuk TEMA cerita.

Tema adalah struktur dasar (backbone) cerita yang mendasar dan amat penting. Dengan tema, desain keseluruhan ceritamu akan tepat, kata-kata akan mengalir, dan karaterisasi tokoh dapat terbentuk lebih baik.

“Theme, theme, and theme. That’s the very first thing pop up in my mind when I’m ready to create new story.”
— Nicholas Sparks, author of A Walk to Remember and The Notebook

2. PlotPlot adalah sesuatu yang terjadi atau dilakukan oleh si tokoh/karakter. Buatlah plot dalam point-point penting, lalu pecah lagi dalam sub-plot (apabila perlu). Jangan lupa sertakan KONFLIK.

Konflik terjadi karena aksi-reaksi dari para karakter tsb. Dalam konflik ini, karakter akan ‘fight for a goal’, ‘learn in the process’, serta ‘grow’.Itulah hidup—dan begitu juga dengan cerita yg kalian buat… ?

“Having only imagination is not enough. You have to go through the core of the story and feel every single breath of it.” — Stephen King

3. SettingMerupakan latar belakang tempat, waktu, serta keadaan dari cerita tsb. Setting memiliki peran dalam mempengaruhi mood/atmosphere cerita, serta membuat cerita kita lebih realistis.

“If you're going to have a complicated story you must work to a map. Otherwise you can never make a map of it afterwards.”
— J.R.R. Tolkien, author of The Lord of The Rings and The Hobbit

4. Point of View

Point of View/sudut pandang adalah posisi yang digunakan penulis dalam menceritakan ceritanya. PoV terdiri dari 3 macam:

1) Sudut pandang orang pertamaMenggunakan kata ‘aku,saya,-ku’. Pemilihan terhadap PoV ini dikarenakan penulis:a. membuat cerita lebih ‘personal’b. Menyelami pemikiran 1 karakter sajac. membuat seolah-olah penulis langsung berbicara dengan pembaca

2) Sudut pandang orang ketiga—terbatasMenggunakan kata ‘dia,mereka,-nya’. Pemilihan terhadap PoV ini dikarenakan penulis:a. menyediakan lebih banyak info tentang para karakter & kejadian-kejadianb. memperlihatkan kejadian melalui mata dari 1 karakterc. Encourage pembaca untuk mencari tahu tentang si karakter

Pada PoV ini, penulis tahu karakter seseorang seolah-olah atas apa yang dilakukan & dikatakan karakter lainnya, sehingga pembaca dapat menilai keseluruhan cerita dengan lebih obyektif.

3) Sudut pandang orang ketiga—tak terbatasMenggunakan kata ‘dia,mereka,-nya’. Pemilihan terhadap PoV ini dikarenakan penulis:

a. menciptakan full view tentang semua karakter & kejadian

b. memperlihatkan apa yang semua karakter rasakan dan pikirkan

c. menciptakan sudut yang luas terhadap keseluruhan cerita

Perbedaannya dgn no.2 adalah: si penulis di sini menjadi orang yang ‘tahu segalanya’.

Pembaca berkesempatan menilai cerita dari segala aspek, dan dapat lebih obyektif lagi daripada PoV orang ke-3 terbatas.

5. KarakterisasiDalam cerita ada yg namanya tokoh utama (main character) dan tokoh pengganggu (obstacle character).

• Tokoh utama : tokoh yang memiliki belief sesuai dengan filosofi/goal dari cerita. Ia juga tokoh yang mendapat simpati & paling dicintai pembaca. Biasanya tokoh utama adalah si protagonist (the good guy).

• Tokoh pengganggu : tokoh yang memiliki belief bertolak belakang dengan filosofi/goal cerita, sehingga terjadi konflik dengan si tokoh utama. Ia disebut juga si antagonis (the bad guy).

“Every good book begins with good characters.”
— Jasmine Creswell

Penulis dapat menciptakan karakter yang tak terlupakan melalui karakterisasi, yaitu beberapa cara lain untuk mengatakan/memperlihatkan kepada si pembaca mengenai karakter dalam cerita, a.l. :

1.Sifat karakter. Contoh: ketus, ramah, suka bercanda

2.Aksi dari karakter.

3.Latar belakang karakter. Contoh: masa kecil, pengalaman masa lalu

4.Reaksi dari satu karakter terhadap sifat karakter lain

5.Dialog para karakter

6.Perasaan, pemikiran, serta keinginan si karakter

7.Komentar dari karakter lain tentang orang tsb

8.Perasaan, pemikiran, dan aksi dari karakter lain

9.Komentar langsung dari penulis mengenai sifat asli & kepribadian karakter tsb

Here’s some tips to bring characters to life:

o Cari nama yang (menurut kamu) sreg dan unusual!

o Beri si karakter sebuah history atau latar belakang (ia nggak tiba-tiba muncul, kan?Keberadaannya di dalam cerita pasti memiliki suatu alasan)

o Beri dia sense of style tertentu (sesuai dengan setting & backbone ceritamu)

o Think about his/her taste. (what she like/dislike? Favorite things?)

“Don’t blab your story out to everyone. Only show it to those who will give constructive criticism.”
— Sitta Karina, author of Lukisan Hujan

6. DescriptionDeskripsi merupakan penciptaan dari mental images yang membuat pembaca ‘melihat’ dan mengalami suatu perasaan & kejadian seperti dirinya yang menjadi tokoh dalam cerita tsb.

Deskripsi yang ‘tepat’ menciptakan mood yang akan menggelitik emosi pembaca.

Coba bandingkan 2 bagian kalimat di bawah:

A

Hari ini langit cerah.Alika dan Dimaz memutuskan untuk menghabiskan waktu di taman karena mereka memiliki waktu luang, dimana pada minggu sebelumnya keduanya sibuk, hingga mereka hampir lupa akan tempat ini.

B

Di hari ini untung saja matahari membagi sinarnya yang tidak terlalu terik, serta semilir angin sejuk juga ikut menambah cerah suasana yang sempat dingin menyelimuti Alika dan Dimaz.Cerah dan damai. Bahkan lembutnya wangi bunga mawar pink itu ikut menggelitik hidung Dimaz.

Benar-benar kini waktu yang tepat untuk sekedar leha-leha di taman, setelah seminggu penuh keduanya disibukkan dengan segala rutinitas yang membuat kian sesak bernapas. Kesibukan yang membuat keduanyahampir tidak dapat menikmati keindahan tempat rahasia berdua ini lagi.

See the difference, right?Dalam memaparkan deskripsi, penting sekali bagi penulis untuk memberikan detail.Detail yang tepat, dimasukkan pada saat yang tepat, memberi kesempatan pembaca untuk menyelami pemikiran inner karakter; ke dalam rasa takut, penasaran, stres, senang, benci.. yang kadang tidak dapat dijelaskan hanya dengan kata-kata ‘ia senang’, ‘mereka nampak sedih’, dsb.

Deskripsi tidak dibuat begitu saja, mengalir saja. Deksripsi harus dipikirkan baik-baik, karena dari awal cerita berjalan sampai cerita itu selesai, deskripsi menciptakan impression, sudut pandang, inti sari cerita bagi si pembaca.

Seorang pembaca dapat menikmati cerita tsb—tergantung ketepatan dan relevansi deskripsi yang dipaparkan penulis.

“saya senang banget kalau ternyata "buah keisengan" saya waktu SMP bisa terbit dan dibaca teman-teman…”
— Dyan Nuranindya, penulis Dealova

7. Quotes & Dialogue

Dialog bukan sekedar percakapan, karena dialoglah yang membuat cerita terus berjalan.

Ada 4 tujuan utama dari suatu dialog:

• Memaparkan informasi tentang latar belakang karakter atau backstory

• Menambah tensi/ketegangan dari suatu kejadian/adegan

• Membuat cerita terus bergulir (flowing)

• Memperlihatkan motivasi, emosi, perkembangan, dan perspektif dari si karakter

Hindari pengulangan informasi dalam suatu dialog, maupun percakapan basa-basi yang tidak memberi info apapun. Contoh:

“Hai, Ga. Apa kabar?”

“Baik, Ko. Elo gimana?”

“Baik juga. Baru pulang lo? Tadi pergi ke mana?”

“Ke Blowfish. Elo dari mana?”

“Dari rumah temen. Ada acara apa di Blowfish?”

“Friendship Night SMA gue.”

“Oh. Ketemu Adis dong…”

Itu hanya sepenggal percakapan antara Aga dan Yuko. Bukan dialog. Sebaiknya dialog yang terjadi antara Aga dan Yuko diubah menjadi seperti ini:
“Hey, Ga,” Yuko menyapa cowok di seberangnya, setengah terkejut, sampai suaranya turun seoktaf lebih rendah,”apa kabar?”

“Baik, Ko,” respon Aga, sama kagetnya. “Elo sendiri… gimana?”

Mereka saling bertanya dari mana gerangan masing-masing selarut ini. Dan Yuko adalah orang yang pertama kali terdiam ketika mendengar tempat tujuan sang sobat barusan. “Friendship Night SMA gue.”

Adis, batin Yuko, terasa miris di hatinya.

“Ada Adis di sana?” tanya Yuko, menjaga agar suaranya tidak bergetar.

“Yeah, ada.”

Yuko ingin berteriak marah. Kalah.

Setelah lama mereka bertiga mencoba mendinginkan kepala masing-masing, ternyata pada akhirnya Adis memilih Aga. Bukan dirinya…Jangan lupa untuk selalu menggabungkan dialog, dengan deskripsi, serta detail yang tepat, OK? ?

“Saya hanya menulis apa yang saya rasa. Kebetulan saya perempuan, saya menulis tentang perempuan.”
— Djenar Maesa Ayu, penulis Mereka Bilang, Saya Monyet

QUOTE (ucapan) seseorang yg langsung harus selalu menggunakan tanda petik (‘ dan “).Berikut ini adalah pedoman penggunaan tanda petik tunggal (‘) dan ganda (“) yang baku pada direct quotation:o Shina berkata,”Tenang saja. Besok masih ada waktu.”o "Jangan bergerak," bisiknya dengan bengis, "atau kukubur benda ini selamanya."o Siapa yang bertanya “apakah besok libur?”o Reno menjelaskan,”Tadi Bianca berkata,’Bajunya dibuang saja.’ ”o Inez berseru dengan ceria,”Semalam aku dan Niki nonton ‘Alexander The Great’ di PIM.Sumpah, Collin Farrell ganteng berat!”

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